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  • Degradation Renewal
    Degradation Renewal


    Price: 15.49 £ | Shipping*: 3.99 £
  • The Degradation
    The Degradation


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  • Encyclopedia of Polymer Degradation
    Encyclopedia of Polymer Degradation

    Encyclopedia of Polymer Degradation compiles research results for the most important and commonly-used polymers, identifying their unitary degradative chemical reactions, including the fate of products resulting from primary degradation, which can influence further degradation mechanisms and rates.The book proposes potential mechanisms of reactions and chemical descriptions of the sequence for events for each degradation mode.It takes a knowledge-based approach with the aim of facilitating more effective prevention of waste and environmental pollution caused by material failures, and also discusses the limitations of typical weathering studies, challenges in lab-based weathering studies, and the importance of understanding various degradation mechanisms.

    Price: 283.99 £ | Shipping*: 0.00 £
  • PVC Degradation and Stabilization
    PVC Degradation and Stabilization

    PVC Degradation and Stabilization, Fifth Edition includes new developments in PVC production, new stabilization methods and mechanisms, new approaches to plasticization, methods of waste reprocessing, and much more.The book contains all the information necessary for the successful design of stabilization formulas in any PVC-based product.Other topics covered include degradation by thermal energy, UV, gamma, and other forms of radiation, chemical degradation, and more.Analytical methods for studying degradative and stabilization processes aid readers in establishing a system for verifying results of stabilization with different stabilizing systems.Many new topics included in this edition are of particular interest today, including new developments in PVC production yielding a range of new grades, new stabilization methods and mechanisms (e.g. synergistic mixtures containing hydrotalcites and their synthetic equivalents, beta-diketones, functionalized fillers, Shiff bases), new approaches to plasticization, methods of waste reprocessing (life cycle assessment, reformulation, biodegradable materials, and energy recovery), accelerated degradation due to electric breakdown, and many more.

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  • Can you please explain soil degradation?

    Soil degradation refers to the decline in soil quality and productivity due to various factors such as erosion, nutrient depletion, pollution, and loss of organic matter. This process can be caused by unsustainable agricultural practices, deforestation, urbanization, and climate change. As a result, the soil becomes less fertile, loses its ability to support plant growth, and may even become completely unusable for agriculture. Soil degradation is a significant environmental issue that can lead to food insecurity, loss of biodiversity, and increased vulnerability to natural disasters. Efforts to combat soil degradation include sustainable land management practices, reforestation, and soil conservation measures.

  • What are the reaction steps for the degradation of methanol, analogous to the degradation of ethanol?

    The degradation of methanol is analogous to the degradation of ethanol in several ways. The first step is the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde, similar to the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. This is followed by the oxidation of formaldehyde to formic acid, just as acetaldehyde is oxidized to acetic acid. Finally, formic acid is further oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, similar to the oxidation of acetic acid to carbon dioxide and water. Overall, the degradation of methanol follows a similar pathway to the degradation of ethanol, with the main difference being the specific compounds involved in each step.

  • What is the redox equation for alcohol degradation?

    The redox equation for alcohol degradation involves the conversion of alcohol (ethanol) to acetaldehyde and then to acetic acid. The first step involves the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, which transfers two hydrogen atoms to NAD+ to form NADH. The second step involves the oxidation of acetaldehyde to acetic acid by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase, which also transfers two hydrogen atoms to NAD+ to form NADH. Overall, the redox equation for alcohol degradation can be summarized as follows: Ethanol + NAD+ -> Acetaldehyde + NADH + H+; Acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O -> Acetic acid + NADH + H+.

  • What are the mechanisms of degradation recombination of chromosomes?

    The mechanisms of degradation and recombination of chromosomes involve several processes. Degradation can occur through DNA damage caused by environmental factors, errors during DNA replication, or the action of DNA-damaging agents. Recombination, on the other hand, involves the exchange of genetic material between chromosomes during meiosis or mitosis. This can result in genetic diversity and the formation of new combinations of genes. Both degradation and recombination are essential for genetic variation and evolution.

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  • Organic Chemistry of Drug Degradation
    Organic Chemistry of Drug Degradation

    The vast majority of drugs are organic molecular entities.A clear understanding of the organic chemistry of drug degradation is essential to maintaining the stability, efficacy, and safety of a drug product throughout its shelf-life.During analytical method development, stability testing, and pharmaceutical manufacturing troubleshooting activities, one of the frequently occurring and usually challenging events would be the identification of drug degradants and understanding of drug degradation mechanisms and pathways.This book is written by a veteran of the pharmaceutical industry who has first-hand experience in drug design and development, drug degradation mechanism studies, analytical development, and manufacturing process troubleshooting and improvement.The author discusses various degradation pathways with an emphasis on the mechanisms of the underlying organic chemistry, which should aid greatly in the efforts of degradant identification, formulation development, analytical development, and manufacturing process improvement. Organic reactions that are significant in drug degradation will first be reviewed and then illustrated by examples of drug degradation reported in the literature.The author brings the book to a close with a final chapter dedicated to the strategy for rapid elucidation of drug degradants with regard to the current regulatory requirements and guidelines.One chapter that should be given special attention is Chapter 3, Oxidative Degradation.Oxidative degradation is one of the most common degradation pathways but perhaps the most complex one.This chapter employs more than sixty drug degradation case studies with in-depth discussion in regard to their unique degradation pathways.With the increasing regulatory requirements on the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products, in particular with regard to drug impurities and degradants, the book will be an invaluable resource for pharmaceutical and analytical scientists who engage in formulation development, analytical development, stability studies, degradant identification, and support of manufacturing process improvement.In addition, it will also be helpful to scientists engaged in drug discovery and development as well as in drug metabolism studies.

    Price: 153.99 £ | Shipping*: 0.00 £
  • Desertification and Land Degradation : Concept to Combating
    Desertification and Land Degradation : Concept to Combating

    Desertification and land degradation are complex phenomena, and we need to understand their causes, consequences, and means to mitigate and combat their impact.Therefore, this book aims to explain the concept and characteristics of drylands, desert and desertification, land degradation, wastelands, and the concept of ecosystem services.It also discusses various types of processes of land degradations, their characteristics, physics and indicators along with mapping, monitoring and assessment of methods involved.Concept of Ocean Biological Deserts is discussed along with international and regional efforts towards combating land degradation and desertification. Key Features:• Provides all the aspect of desertification and land degradation at one place• Includes comprehensive methods to monitor different desertification/land degradation processes• Comprehensive overview of the mapping, monitoring and modelling techniques• Role of space borne data in identifying, monitoring and combating desertification is evaluated and reported with real case studies• Explains the concept of ocean biological deserts, their characteristics and mapping

    Price: 165.00 £ | Shipping*: 0.00 £
  • Degradation, Stabilization, and Recycling of Packa ging Materials
    Degradation, Stabilization, and Recycling of Packa ging Materials


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  • Pharmaceutical Stress Testing : Predicting Drug Degradation, Second Edition
    Pharmaceutical Stress Testing : Predicting Drug Degradation, Second Edition

    The second edition of Pharmaceutical Stress Testing: Predicting Drug Degradation provides a practical and scientific guide to designing, executing and interpreting stress testing studies for drug substance and drug product.This is the only guide available to tackle this subject in-depth.The Second Edition expands coverage from chemical stability into the physical aspects of stress testing, and incorporates the concept of Quality by Design into the stress testing construct / framework.It has been revised and expanded to include chapters on large molecules, such as proteins and antibodies, and it outlines the changes in stress testing that have emerged in recent years. Key features include:A renowned Editorial team and contributions from all major drug companies, reflecting a wealth of experience. 10 new chapters, including Stress Testing and its relationship to the assessment of potential genotoxic degradants, combination drug therapies, proteins, oligonucleotides, physical changes and alternative dosage forms such as liposomal formulations Updated methodologies for predicting drug stability and degradation pathways Best practice models to follow An expanded Frequently Asked Questions sectionThis is an essential reference book for Pharmaceutical Scientists and those working in Quality Assurance and Drug Development (analytical sciences, formulations, chemical process, project management).

    Price: 215.00 £ | Shipping*: 0.00 £
  • Does anyone know of a biological degradation reaction of plastics?

    Yes, there are certain microorganisms that have the ability to break down plastics through a process called biodegradation. For example, some bacteria and fungi have been found to produce enzymes that can break down the chemical bonds in plastics like polyethylene and polypropylene. This natural process of biodegradation can help reduce the environmental impact of plastic waste by breaking it down into simpler compounds.

  • Does degradation in biology always mean that something becomes less?

    In biology, degradation refers to the process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones. While this can result in the loss of certain characteristics or functions, it does not always mean that something becomes less. In fact, degradation is often a necessary part of the life cycle, as it allows for the recycling of nutrients and the release of energy. Therefore, degradation in biology can lead to the transformation of molecules and the generation of new resources, rather than simply a decrease in quality or quantity.

  • After a break, is there a degradation in martial arts?

    Taking a break from martial arts can lead to a temporary decline in skills and physical conditioning. However, with consistent practice and dedication upon returning, most practitioners can quickly regain their previous level of proficiency. It is important to ease back into training gradually to prevent injury and allow the body to readjust to the demands of martial arts. Ultimately, the impact of a break on one's martial arts abilities will depend on the individual's commitment to training upon their return.

  • What is the difference between soil erosion and soil degradation?

    Soil erosion refers to the physical removal of topsoil by wind, water, or other natural forces, leading to the loss of fertile soil. On the other hand, soil degradation is a broader term that encompasses various processes that deteriorate the quality of soil, such as chemical contamination, compaction, salinization, and nutrient depletion. While soil erosion is a specific type of soil degradation, soil degradation can occur through other means beyond just erosion.

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