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Relativism
Relativism, the second poetry collection by Mary Ford Neal, a writer and academic from the West of Scotland, deals with themes of attachment, belonging, certainty, doubt, and our relationships to places, times, people, and ideas. Using different voices, and the lens of intimate relationships, the collection explores various stages of life (from youth to adulthood to older age) and states of self-knowledge (from confusion to enlightenment to doubt).
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Essays on Relativism : 2001-2021
The classical Protagorean idea that the idea of absolute truth is an illusion — that there is only 'your truth' and 'my truth', or perhaps 'our truth' and 'their truth' — was until quite recently widely regarded as thoroughly and deservedly discredited.However there has recently been a sea change among professional philosophers in the analytical tradition, with a number of distinguished specialists arguing that, when suitably disciplined and refined, relative truth can play a central and illuminating role in the theory of the workings of a number of important regions of thought and discourse. Crispin Wright has been a leading protagonist in the resulting debates.The papers gathered here chart the development of his ideas over the last two decades on three interconnected sets of issues in which the renaissance of relative truth has intensified interest: · the general metaphysics of relativism and whether it has the resources to rebut the traditional objections to it. · the significance of the “standards-variability” phenomena that seem to afflict ascriptions of knowledge and claims featuring epistemic 'mights' and 'coulds'. · the challenge to find the best formulation of anti-realism about certain areas of our thought and discourse — taste, humour, or etiquette, perhaps, — in such a way as to make sense of the intuitive idea that disagreement about matters within these areas can be and often is “faultless”.The overall tendency of the chapters is to call into question the claimed theoretical advantages of 'New Age' relativism.As so often in Philosophy, however, it is the journey rather than the destination from which we learn.
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Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth : Philosophical Papers
Richard Rorty's collected papers, written during the 1980s and now published in two volumes, take up some of the issues which divide Anglo-Saxon analytic philosophers and contemporary French and German philosophers and offer something of a compromise - agreeing with the latter in their criticisms of traditional notions of truth and objectivity, but disagreeing with them over the political implications they draw from dropping traditional philosophical doctrines.In this volume Rorty offers a Deweyan account of objectivity as intersubjectivity, one that drops claims about universal validity and instead focuses on utility for the purposes of a community.The sense in which the natural sciences are exemplary for inquiry is explicated in terms of the moral virtues of scientific communities rather than in terms of a special scientific method.The volume concludes with reflections on the relation of social democratic politics to philosophy.
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Without Roots : Europe, Relativism, Christianity, Islam
Bringing together their unique vantage points as leaders of Church and State, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger and Marcello Pera challenge us to imagine what can be the future of a civilization that has abandoned its moral and cultural history.They call on the West to embrace a spiritual rather than political renewal -and to accept the moral values that alone can help us to make sense of changes in technology, economics, and society.
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What is cultural relativism?
Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than being judged against the criteria of another culture. It suggests that there is no universal standard for what is right or wrong, and that different cultures have their own unique ways of understanding and interpreting the world. Cultural relativism encourages people to approach other cultures with an open mind and to try to understand them within their own cultural context, rather than imposing one's own cultural values and beliefs onto others.
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What is the explanation for relativism?
Relativism is the belief that truth and morality are not absolute, but are instead relative to the individual, culture, or historical context. This means that what is considered true or moral can vary from person to person or society to society. Relativism is often explained as a response to the diversity of beliefs and values across different cultures and historical periods, and the recognition that there is no single, objective standard for truth or morality. It also reflects a skepticism towards claims of absolute truth or moral superiority, and a recognition of the influence of subjective experiences and cultural influences on our understanding of truth and morality.
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How does cultural relativism influence coexistence?
Cultural relativism influences coexistence by promoting understanding and acceptance of different cultural practices and beliefs. It encourages individuals to recognize that there are diverse ways of living and thinking, and that no one culture is superior to another. This mindset can lead to greater tolerance and respect for others, ultimately fostering peaceful coexistence among people from different cultural backgrounds. By embracing cultural relativism, individuals can work towards building a more inclusive and harmonious society where diversity is celebrated.
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What is the difference between universalism and relativism?
Universalism is the belief that there are universal moral principles that apply to all people, regardless of their cultural or societal context. It holds that there are objective standards of right and wrong that are applicable to all individuals. On the other hand, relativism is the belief that moral principles are not universal and that they vary depending on the cultural, societal, or individual context. Relativism holds that what is considered right or wrong is subjective and can differ from one culture or society to another.
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Reconsidering the Postmodern : European Literature Beyond Relativism
From Michel Houellebecq to Zadie Smith, from Javier Marías to Arnon Grunberg: this timely study takes its reader on a tour of European literature and the critical discussion around it.Despite recent declarations of postmodernism’s demise, contemporary literature turns out to be entangled in a discussion with postmodernism.It is time to critically evaluate this legacy. Twelve specialists in the national literatures sketch the outlines of the debate.Turning to literature itself, they find it to be searching for new values after the relativizing force of postmodernism.
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Fear of Knowledge : Against Relativism and Constructivism
The academic world has been plagued in recent years by scepticism about truth and knowledge.Paul Boghossian, in his long-awaited first book, sweeps away relativist claims that there is no such thing as objective truth or knowledge, but only truth or knowledge from a particular perspective.He demonstrates clearly that such claims don't even make sense.Boghossian focuses on three different ways of reading the claim that knowledge is socially constructed - one as a thesis about truth and two about justification. And he rejects all three. The intuitive, common-sense view is that there is a way things are that is independent of human opinion, and that we are capable of arriving at belief about how things are that is objectively reasonable, binding on anyone capable of appreciating the relevant evidence regardless of their social or cultural perspective.Difficult as these notions may be, it is a mistake to think that recent philosophy has uncovered powerful reasons for rejecting them.This short, lucid, witty book shows that philosophy provides rock-solid support for common sense against the relativists; it will prove provocative reading throughout the discipline and beyond.
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Beyond Objectivism and Relativism : Science, Hermeneutics, and Praxis
Drawing freely and expertly from Continental and analytic traditions, Richard Bernstein examines a number of debates and controversies exemplified in the works of Gadamer, Habermas, Rorty, and Arendt.He argues that a "new conversation" is emerging about human rationality—a new understanding that emphasizes its practical character and has important ramifications both for thought and action.
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Against the Flow : The Inspiration of Daniel in an Age of Relativism
'Then King Darius sent this message to the people of every race and nation and language throughout the world: "I decree that everyone throughout my kingdom should tremble with fear before the God of Daniel.For he is the living God, and he will endure forever."' (Daniel 6.25-6)The book of Daniel tells the story of four teenage friends, born in the tiny state of Judah about twenty-six centuries ago, who were captured by Nebuchadnezzar, emperor of Babylon. Daniel describes how they eventually rose to the top echelons of imperial administration. Although forced to live in exile, Daniel and his friends remained faithful to the one true God.But they did not simply treat their devotion to God as a private matter; they maintained a high-profile witness in a pluralistic society highly antagonistic to their faith.That is why their story has such a powerful message for us.Society tolerates the practice of Christianity in private and in church services, but it increasingly deprecates public witness.If Daniel and his compatriots were with us today they would be in the vanguard of debate about the role of religion in public life. What was it that gave that ancient foursome, Daniel and his three friends, the strength and conviction to be prepared, often at great risk, to swim against the flow?
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What is the difference between relativism and naive realism?
Relativism is the belief that truth and morality are relative and can vary depending on individual perspectives or cultural norms. It acknowledges that there is no absolute truth or moral standard. Naive realism, on the other hand, is the belief that our perceptions and interpretations of the world directly represent reality as it is, without any bias or distortion. Naive realism assumes that our understanding of the world is accurate and objective, while relativism recognizes the subjectivity and variability of truth and morality.
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What is the difference between relativism and universalism philosophy?
Relativism is the belief that truth, morality, or knowledge is relative and not absolute, varying from person to person or culture to culture. It suggests that there are no universal truths or values. On the other hand, universalism is the belief that certain principles, values, or truths are applicable to all people, regardless of their cultural or individual differences. Universalism asserts that there are objective truths that hold true for everyone. In essence, relativism emphasizes diversity and subjectivity, while universalism emphasizes commonality and objectivity.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of cultural relativism?
Cultural relativism allows for a greater understanding and appreciation of different cultures, as it encourages individuals to view cultural practices and beliefs within their own context. This can lead to increased tolerance and respect for diversity. However, cultural relativism can also lead to moral and ethical relativism, where individuals may struggle to make judgments about practices that may be harmful or oppressive. Additionally, it can be challenging to find common ground on certain issues when there is a belief that all cultural practices are equally valid.
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What are the arguments for and against cultural relativism?
Cultural relativism argues that each culture should be understood and judged within the context of its own values and beliefs, rather than being compared to the values of another culture. Proponents of cultural relativism argue that it promotes tolerance, understanding, and respect for diverse cultures, and helps to avoid ethnocentrism and cultural imperialism. However, critics argue that cultural relativism can lead to moral relativism, where all cultural practices are considered equally valid, even if they conflict with universal human rights. They also argue that it can hinder social progress and change by justifying harmful cultural practices.
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